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people without a state Kurds they are mainly present in Turkey, Iraq, Syria and Iran with a total population of 25 to 35 million.
Turkish airstrikes continue on fighter jets Kurds in their strongholds in northern Iraq and Syria and were unleashed after the November 13 attack in Istanbul, attributed by Ankara to the groups Kurds.
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan is also threatening to launch a ground operation in northern Syria.
Iran, for its part, has been shelling positions of the Iranian Kurdish opposition in northern Iraq, which it accuses of encouraging demonstrations that rocked the Islamic Republic after the death of a young Iranian Kurd, Mahsa Amini, in mid-September.
Divided among four countries
People of Indo-European origin Kurds They descended from the Medes of ancient Persia, who founded an empire in the seventh century BC.
Mostly Sunni Muslims with non-Muslim minorities and often secular political groups settled in an area of almost half a million square kilometers.
Their total number varies according to sources from 25 million to 35 million.
Most of them live in Turkey, where they make up about 20% of the population. In Iraq they range from 15% to 20%, in Syria 15% and in Iran about 10%.
By settling in the hinterland, they were able to maintain their dialects, their traditions, and their mostly clan-based way of organizing.
Large Kurdish communities also live in Azerbaijan, Armenia and Lebanon, as well as in Europe, in particular in Germany.
the hope of the state
The collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I paved the way for the creation of a Kurdish state, provided for by the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres, located in eastern Anatolia and the Iraqi province of Mosul.
But after Mustafa Kemal’s victory in Turkey, the allies changed their mind, and in 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne secured the dominance of Turkey, Iran, Great Britain (for Iraq) and France (for Syria) over the Kurdish population.
Fight against jihadists
The Kurdish YPG in Syria has been one of the main forces fighting the Islamic State (IS) jihadist group since 2014, with air support from the US-led international coalition.
In early 2015, coalition-backed Kurdish forces drove IS out of Kobane, near the Turkish border.
In October of the same year, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) were created, numbering 25,000 people. Kurds and 5000 Arabs. Under the influence of the YPG, they received constant help from Washington.
The SDF drove IS out of its Raqqa stronghold and captured its last Syrian stronghold, Baghouz, in March 2019.
militants in Iraq Kurds The Peshmerga also participated in the fight against jihadists.
Conflicts with central authorities
Kurdswho declare the creation of a united Kurdistan are perceived as a threat to the territorial integrity of the countries where they are established.
in Syria, Kurdswho had suffered for decades from marginalization and oppression, adopted a position of “neutrality” in early 2011 in relation to the authorities and the uprising against the regime of Bashar al-Assad.
In 2016, they proclaimed a vast “federal region” in the north, consisting of three cantons, which caused the hostility of the opposition forces and the hostility of neighboring Turkey.
In Turkey, conflict between the government and the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) resurfaced in the summer of 2015, shattering hopes for a solution to the crisis, which has killed more than 40,000 people since 1984.
Turkey has already launched three major offensives in Syria: in 2016 and early 2018 to push IS jihadists and YPG fighters away from its border, and in 2019 against Kurdish forces in the northeast.
in Iraq Kurds persecuted under Saddam Hussein, rebelled in 1991 after the defeat of Baghdad in Kuwait and established de facto autonomy.
Iraqi Kurdistan is formed as an autonomous region under the provisions of the 2005 Constitution, which establishes a federal republic.
In 2017 Kurds they voted for secession, against the opinion of Baghdad and the international community. In response, the central government sent its armored vehicles to recapture the disputed areas.
In Iran, the Islamic Revolution of 1979 was followed by a violently suppressed Kurdish uprising, and the regime has been clashing with activists ever since. Kurds who use bases in Iraqi Kurdistan to carry out terrorist attacks in Iran.
(According to AFP)
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I’m a passionate and motivated journalist with a focus on world news. My experience spans across various media outlets, including Buna Times where I serve as an author. Over the years, I have become well-versed in researching and reporting on global topics, ranging from international politics to current events.